Om Chinmaya Sadguravena Maha

MANAGEMENT FUNDAMENTALS BASED ON
‘KAUTILYA’S ARTHASHASTRA’

- Radhakrishnan Pillai

(This research Paper is based on studies done on the book Kautilya’s Arthashastra, at Chinmaya International Foundation (CIF) under the guidance of Dr. Gangadharan Nair. CIF is the Academic wing of Chinmaya Mission, based in Ernakulam, Kerala. Dr. Gangadharan Nair is the Director of Shree Shankara Univeristy of Samskrit, Kalady, Kerala. He has over 36 years of teaching experience in Samskrit and philosophy).

Introduction

In the current corporate and Management scenario, we find a lack of business ethics. Even though modern corporations have developed a basic framework on ‘Corporate Governance’ it has merely become a piece of yet another document which the Management signs as another process for the functioning of a company. Even some of the top Multinationals have a very well defined Corporate Governance structure. However, the practical application is hardly being noticed. This has become a very serious problem to be considered when Corporations are becoming the prime movers of the society. We need to rework the basic Fundamentals of Management. The current paper is based on ‘Kautilya Arthashastra’ written in 4th B.C. by Kautilya, also called as Vishnugupta, and popularly known as Chankaya. Various Management Gurus have also referred to him as the world’s first Management Guru.

Research Methodology

The current paper is based on the critical edition of Kautilya’s Arthashastra by Dr. Kangle (1972) which was taken as the primary source for this study. Other books and translations on the same subject have been used for reference; namely, the works by Dr.Shamashatry, Mysore University,(1908)Ganapati Shastry (1924)and by Rangarajan (1992). The complete list of books used in this research is given in the reference section.

Apart from the academic interpretation of the subject I felt it was necessary to explore the work’s practical relevance in today’s society, the management world in particular. The aim is to give a basic framework derived from conceptual level to application level. For this purpose during the course of the research I also spent time interacting, learning and sharing his view point with professionals in various fields. I presented my views and papers at two national level conferences, one in the field of Management, and the other in the legal field. Interacted with about 20 Management ‘Guru’ and teachers, 2 CEOs, Met up with 3 Chartered accountants and 2 senior Judges, one of the supreme court and another the High Court of Kerala followed by a a visit to a Law college and meeting with its registrar. I also met up with the Vice Chancellors of two universities of Kerala along with their registrars. I interacted with the Governer of Kerala State, the District collector of Ernakkulam and spent some time with a Member of a Legislative assembly (MLA). During one of the conferences I also had a chance to listen to the Chief Minister of Kerala on ‘ Effective Governance’. I attended a workshop on ‘Character Analysis’ and conducted a workshop, for a group of youngsters on ‘Creative Thinking’. Finally I gave a lecture for a group of students of an M.B.A programme on ‘Management Principles from the Arthashastra’. On the research front, I also prepared a research paper titled ‘The life of Adi Shankara - a Management Lesson’ which gives an ‘ideal’ of an organizational leader in the context of the Modern Management Gurus.

The prime objective of this course of study to find the ‘Truth’, which Dr Gangadharan Nair, described, should be the solo objective of any research work.

Kautilya’s Arthashastra

We find the roots of Arthashatra in the Rig Veda(Nair.G) . The Arthashastra deals primarily with Economics, Politics or Statecraft and Punishments, therefore it is also called as Dandaniti. Arthashastra is a book based on Pure logic, Anveshiki (1.2.1). Most of our ancient Indian books starts with the invocation of a deity before the writing of a book, in most cases, Ganesha, the Lord who removes obstacles and Saraswati, the Godess of Knowledge. However in this book we find that Kautilya, who is also referred to as Vishnugupta, towards the end of the commentary, begins by invoking Sukracharya and Brihaspati.

“Om Namah Sukrabrihaspatibhyam”
Om. Salutations to Sukra and Brihaspati

There are two important insights we can get from this. The first is that he invokes the two great Acharyas (Gurus) of the Asuras and the Devatas. We find in the Puranas that the Asuras and the Devatas were enemies, hence their Gurus would also would have had different view points. This means that, Kautilya has considered both the different view points of the extremes before reaching any decision. Secondly as we proceed we find that the book is completely based on logical discussions taking into consideration all different view points.

The Arthashastra totally contains 5363 Sutras, 15 books, 150 chapters, and 180 Sections. The 15 Books contained in the Arthashastra can be classified in the following manner: Book 1, as a book on ‘Fundamentals of Management’, Book 2 dealing with ‘Economics’, Books 3, 4 and 5 on ‘Law’, Books 6, 7, 8 describes Foreign Policies. Books 9 to 14 concerns subjects on ‘war’. The 15th book deals with the Methodology and devices used in writing the Arthashastra.

However, it also needs to be stated that these are general classifications from the writer’s view point. We can learn of areas covered in one book in other books also. For example, we can learn about the Fundamentals of Management from not only Book 1 but also from Books 2, 8 and 10.

We find that Kautilya describes various specialized sciences in the Arthashastra including Gemology, Ayurveda, Architecture etc. What is really interesting to note is that in this process we come close to the mind of Kautilya who appears before us a ‘master mind’ who could specialize in so many different areas within one single book.

Another interesting revelation is that Kautilya’s Arthashastra is not the first Arthashastra. From a number of quotations and references in later works, we know that there were at least four distinct schools and thirteen individual teachers of Arthashastra before Kautilya (Rangarajan, pg 16). Throughout the book he gives references of these various acharyas which include Bharadvaja, Visalaksa, Parasara, Pisuna and Kaunapadanta among others. The greatness of Kautilya was that he made the principles contained in his Arthashastra so applicable that probably the previous Arthashatras got lost with passage of time.. The very reason that this book has come down to our generation after nearly 2000 years shows us that he had really fine tuned each concepts in detailed manner that it survived the test of time. This shows the farsightedness of Kautilya. He has worked on the psychology of the human mind that never changes with time.

This book was written by Kautilya for his disciple king Chandragupta Maurya. Basically in this research paper we will limit ourselves to the Management aspects given in the Arthashatra.

Management aspects

Book 1, ie ‘Concerning the Topic of Training’, is taken as the Fundamentals and Foundations of the Management aspects contained in the Arthashastra. It has 500 sutras, divided into 21 chapters and 18 sections. As in any Management system, the book starts by defining what areas are going to be covered. Kautilya tells us before hand what is going to be taught in the following chapters. He wants the students to be aware what they are going to learn. This is done by giving a basic structure of the Arthashastra starting with the Enumeration of Sections and Books and also Enumeration of the Sciences (chapters 1 to 4).

The next important aspect concerns, Training. Unlike in today’s Management system of just learning in a Business school, Kautilya starts in his more traditional manner of learning through a Guru-Shisya Paramapara, by learning under knowledgeable and experienced persons. Hence the following chapter, no 5 is titled ‘Association with Elders’. Its very important for us to understand at this point that any knowledge that we need to gather cannot be learnt just by mere theory. It is gained only by careful observations by people who are skilled in that science. This is the concept of Mentorship that we observe in today’s corporate scenario.

Kautilya, also commonly known as Chankaya, has been generally criticized by many people as a very cunning person. Historians have also compared him to Machiavelli, the author of ‘The prince’, which contains methods that could seem adharmic or unrighteous. However this comparison may not be justified, as Kautilya gives a lot of stress on Self Control and proper methods of winning over the enemy. The following chapter 6 titled, ‘Control over the senses’, brings out a totally different aspect of Kautilya which many current interpretations of Kautilya’s Arthashatra generally miss. In this chapter he elaborates in 12 sutras the importance of control over the senses by giving up Kama, Krodha, Lobha, Mana, Mada and Harsha i.e., lust, anger, pride, arrogance and fool-hardiness. He also gives various examples of kings who perished, having over indulged in the senses. Finally in the 12th sutra he concludes by quoting King Jamdagnya and Amarisa who enjoyed the earth for a long time having controlled their senses. Therefore the first teaching of Kautilya is, To conquer the internal enemies before you conquer the external enemies.

This idea is further discussed in the next chapter 7, section 3 covering the topic of a ‘Sage king’. By casting out the group of six enemies he (the king) should acquire control over the senses, cultivate his intellect by association with elders, keep a watchful eye by means of spies, bring about security and well-being by (energetic) activity, maintain the observance of their special duties (by the subjects) by carrying out (his own) duties, acquire discipline by (receiving) instruction in the sciences, attain popularity by association with what is of material advantage and maintain (proper) behavior by (doing) what is beneficial. (1.7.1)

Here we come to note that for Kautilya a ‘Sage King’ is the ideal. He has clearly set in front of us what is expected out of an ideal king by describing him in the very beginning itself. The later chapter goes on to explain all the details in the above sutra.

Among the three Purusharthas, of Dharma, Artha, and Kama, Kautilya gives top priority to Artha. ‘Material well-being alone is supreme’, says Kautilya, for spiritual good and sensual pleasures depend on material well-being (1.7.6-7). This makes Kautilya different from the other thinkers. He has stressed the foundations of Artha for success in worldly life. Hence, the book is rightly named Arthashastra. This may seem a bit confusing to newcomers, especially with a religious background. Hence Kautilya’s Arthashastra is addressed to rulers in particular and not to the common man. This is not a Dharmashastra but Arthashastra. Moreover the primary responsibility of a king is to maintain the material and physical well being of his subjects. Having a strong material foundation (Artha) will make Kama and Dharma easy to achieve.

Appointment of Amatyas (persons who are close to the king) is the next important aspect of Management (1.8). This is followed by the appointment of the Mantri and Purohita i.e. Councilors and Chaplain . The duties of all three is to advise the king on various matters and be with him through thick and thin. Hence their selection process is very carefully considered. This is followed by Ascertainment of their integrity by means of secret tests (1.10) We can directly relate it today’s corporate world where the Managers are required for various functions of an organization. Their selection and appointment is a very important part of Management. Today, the Human Resource Department’s (HRD) key function is the recruitment of able managers. Kautilya’s Arthashastra suggests various tests for ensuring their faithfulness to the king.

Kautilya proceeds with the creation of an Intelligence Network as the next Management process. Appointment of persons in Secret service and creation of an establishment of spies is considered in detail in section 7. He suggests that the appointment of persons in the secret service could be of such persons as a sharp pupil, the apostate monk, the seeming householder, the seeming trader, seeming ascetic, secret agent, a bravo, a poison-giver and a begging nun among others(1.11.1) He also lays down the rules for the secret Servants in Section 8. These spies and secret agents are then set to keep a watch on the citizens and the country people. They have to keep watch over the seducible and the non-seducible parties in one’s own territory (section 9). These then follows a discussion on how to win over seducible and non seducible parties in the Enemy’s territory (section 10).

Section 11 contains the topic of counsel. A king is advised not to take any decision without the help of consultation. Consultation should be done in secrecy ( 1.15.3). The affairs of a king are three fold viz, directly perceived, unperceived and inferred (1.15.19).Therefore he should sit in counsel with those who are matured in intellect. “All undertakings should be preceded by consultation. Holding a consultation with only one, he may not be able to reach a decision in difficult matters. With more councilors it is difficult to reach decisions and maintain secrecy” (1.15.2,35,40). Kautilya suggests that a king should despise none, should listen to the opinion of everyone, and should make use of the sensible words of even a child (1.15.22)

Section 12 states the rules for the Envoy; how he should pass on the message to the enemy and protect himself in their territory.

The leader of any organization should be able to maintain high standards while running an organization.“ If the king is energetic, his subjects will be equally energetic. If he is slack (and lazy in performing his duties) the subjects will also be lazy, thereby, eat into his wealth. Besides, a lazy king will easily fall into the hands of the enemies. Hence the king should himself always be energetic” (1.19.1-5).Kautilya gives the ‘Time Management’ principles for the king (1.19.7-25). He should be able to maintain an open door policy and attend to affairs of temple deities, hermitages, heretics, Brahmins learned in the Vedas, cattle and holy places, of minors, the aged, sick, the distressed and the helpless and of women (1.19.26-29). Therefore being ever active, the king should carry out the management of material well-being (Artha). The root of material well being is activity, the opposite behavior brings mterial disaster. In the absence of activity, there is certain destruction of what is obtained and of what is not yet received. By activity reward is obtained, and one also secures abundance of riches (1.19.35-36)

Thus the basic Fundamentals of Management are covered in the first book of Arthashastra titled Vinayadhikarikam, “Concerning the Topic of Training”.

Having established the foundations for a good king, the Book 2, Adhyakshaprachara, the activity of the heads of Departments, deals with the Economics of a country. Consisting totally of 36 chapters, it deals in detail with many areas covered under the proper functioning of an economy. Some topics explained in detail are - Setting up of Revenue collection, Records, accounts and audit office, Starting of mines and factories, Settlement of the countryside, Construction of Forts, the appointment and the responsibilities of various departmental heads, and the Inspection of Officers. Agriculture, cattle-rearing and trade, constitute the main economic resources. Through them, the king brings under his sway his own party, as well as the party of the enemies, by the use of the treasury and the army. The basic purpose of a good economy is acquisition of things not possessed, the preservation of things possessed, increase of things preserved and bestowal it on a worthy recipient. On it is dependent the orderly maintenance of worldly life (1.4.1-4).

The next three books, Books 3, 4 & 5, deal with various ‘Legal’ aspects in the kingdom. Issues concerning judges, Valid and Invalid Transactions, Filing of Law-suits, Non – payment of debts, Undertaking in Partnerships, etc, is taken into account. The control and suppression of Criminals is also dealt in detail in this part. Detection of criminals through secret agents, keeping a watch over the crime levels, punishments and Investigation is dealt in detail.

Books 6, 7 &8 cover the area of ‘Foreign Policy’. An active foreign policy is required between two countries. Categories of kings like the neighboring king, the middle king, neutral king, ally king and their strategies towards each other is worked on in detail. This section is particularly useful in dealing with the economic market in today’s world when we are dealing with different types of players and the competition it brings.

Finally books 9-14 deal with ‘War’. What is interesting to note is that the Topic of War is the last subject in the Arthashastra. War is always the last option. However, a war in certain cases is unavoidable, hence, preparation and maintenance of the army, the right moves in the battle field and warfare strategies all are essential in the defence of a country, subjects which Kautilya tackles with the extra sensory precision.

Towards the end we find a very astonishing revelation about Kautilya. In Section 176 he deals with the topic ‘Pacification of the conquered territory’. Kautilya gives due respect to the citizens of the conquered territory and treats them with honor. After gaining new territory, he (the king) should cover the enemy’s faults with his own virtues, his virtues with double virtues. He should carry out what is agreeable and beneficial to the subjects by doing his own duty as laid down, granting favours, giving exemptions, making gifts and showing honor. And he should cause the enemy’s seducible party to be favoured as promised; all the more so if they had exerted themselves. For, he who does not keep his promise becomes unworthy of trust for his own and other people, as also he whose behavior is contrary to that of the subjects. Hence he should adopt a similar character, dress, language and behaviour (as the subjects). And he should further show the same devotion in festivals in honor of the deities of the country, festive gatherings and sportive amusements as do his subjects (13.5.3-8). He should cause the honoring of all deities and hermitages, and make grants of land, money and exemptions to men distinguished in learning, speech and piety, order the release of prisoners and render help to the distressed, the helpless and the diseased (13.5.11).

The last book no 15, deals with the methodology used in the ‘Arthashastra’.

Conclusion

Kautilya’s Arthashastra is a book of ‘pure’ Logic not taking any religious aspect into account. It deals with the various subjects directly and with razor like sharpness. In the present paper I have tried to bring out the Management aspects as I, have understood them with reference to the current corporate scenario that I have been exposed to. Analyzed carefully, we find that there are many concepts of the Arthashastra which are still applicable in today’s corporate world. This also gave me an opportunity to go into depth and understand the great mind of Kautilya. Kautilya deals with certain principles of Management that are eternal and do not change with time. Over a period of time we realize that Management is not just an academic subject but a ‘mindset’ that is carefully developed by control of the senses, association with elders, proper training and guidance, and an over-all purpose for the higher good of the society . Deeper study of the book will open out new areas unknown to our generation.

References

Books :

R.P. Kangle, ‘The Kautilya Arthashastra’, Motilal Banarasidas, 1972
Dr Shyama Shastry, Kautilya Arthashastra, Mysore University, 1908
T Ganapati Shastry, Kautilya Arthashastra, Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan, 1924
Rangarajan, ‘Kautilya The Arthashastra’, Pengium Books, 1992
N.S. Venkatanatha Acharya, Kautilya Arthashastra, Mysore, 1960
Surendra Nath Mittal, Kautilya Arthashastra Revisited, New Delhi, 2000
Dr. Raghunath Singh, Kautilya Arthashastra, Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, 1988
Ludwik Sternbach, Chanakya Niti – Text Introduction, Hoshiarpur, 1964
Sunil Sharma, Kautilya’s Arthashastra in the light of Modern Science and technology, New Delhi, 2001
Subhash C. Kashyap, Our Constitution, National Book Trust India, 1994
Subhash C. Kashyap, Our Parliament, National Book Trust India, 1994
Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, Spiritual Authority & Temporal Power in the Indian Theory of Govt, New Delhi, 1978
Journal of Indian Legal thought, M.G University, Kottayam, 2004

Comparative notes from other sources

Conferences:
15th Adi Sankara Management National Conference at Kalady, 17th Dec 04
National conference on ‘Indian Legal Thought’, 7th Dec 04

Inputs from Management Gurus
Dr. Atreya,
Dr Subhash Sharma (Indian Inst of Plantation Mgt, Bangalore),

Legal Inputs
Justice Krishna, Supreme court
Justice Radhakrishnan, High court, Kerala

Visits and meetings
High Court, Cochin
National Institute for Advanced Legal Studies (NIALS), Cochin
Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Meeting with VC and Registrar
Shree Shankaracharya University of Samskrit, Kalady, Meeting with VC and Registrar

Sessions attended
A workshop on Character Analysis, by Swami Adyatmanandji, Chinmaya Mission, Calicut

Sessions taken
A training sessions with members of the Chinmaya Yuva Kendra, Puttankurish, on ‘Creative thinking’

A lecture for the MBA students on ‘Principles of Management from Kautilya’s Arthashastra’ at Chinmaya Institute of Technology, Kannur

Research Paper
A research paper titled ‘The life of Adi Shankara - A Management Lesson’ which gives an ideal of an organizational leader in the context of the Modern Management Gurus.

Other Inputs
Swami Advayanandji, Acharya, CIF
Sessions at CIF including the Philosophy of Adavaita Vedanta course at CIF
Various Acharyas of Chinmaya Mission